CHAPTER I - SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE & TB CONTROL <<Back
 
a) Sociological considerations
 
006
AU : Banerji D
TI : Medical practice in India: Its sociological implications.
SO : ANTISEPTIC 1962, 59, 125-129.
DT : Per
AB :

Before the advent of western system of medicine in the eighteenth century, the practice of the empirical indigenous system of medicine of very high standard was in vogue in India. However, with growing industrialization in Europe allopathic system made spectacular progress of which Indian sub continent could not remain unaffected during British rule. As a result, indigenous systems of medicine declined and became more or less cult of the quacks. Only a small fraction of the educated Indians have a chance to acquire knowledge of western medicine and only a few could afford to avail these services while millions of Indians living all over the country had very little use of very advanced medical institutions based in big cities. Even after 14 years of political independence India continues to be the home of preventable epidemics as well as has high incidence of innumerable communicable diseases. Extreme poverty is perhaps the most important factor responsible for the poor state of health of the people in India. A plan for having better nutrition, better water supply, housing and better education will certainly result in great improvement in the national health. In the initial stage of social development all efforts should be directed to provide basic elementary medical and public health services to the entire population. The doctor going to work in an interior village in India must have a wide and varied knowledge of the preventive and curative aspects of medicine, all specialization rolled into one. The state must provide free medical care to all, particularly to the poor. In the concept of socialized medicine there is no place of top sided approach of having highly trained doctors who have nothing to offer to the public other than some useless mixtures. What is urgently needed is a social transformation of the practice of public health and medicine in India.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL MEDICINE; SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA.

023
AU : Mirza MH
TI : The social benefits of anti-tubercular chemotherapy.
SO : Eastern Region Conference of IUAT, 15th, Lahore, Pakistan, 10-13, Dec. 1987, p. 394-395.
DT : CP
AB :

The paper stresses that taking preventive and socio-economic measures to combat TB would be more cost-effective than the treatment of a TB case, particularly, in a developing-country context. Therefore, it is suggested that the anti-tubercular chemotherapy treatment in a developing country should be scrutinised in comparison with socio-economic measures to control TB on several recommended lines.

KEYWORDS: SOCIO-ECONOMICS; SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA.
 

  c) Behavioural And Psychological Factors  
 
064
AU : Haro AS
TI : Tuberculosis and unsocial elements of the community.
SO : ACTA MED SCAND 1958, 35, 139-156.
DT : Per
AB :

The present report gives information on the age, family conditions, severity of the disease and its onset in relation to the beginning of the patient`s unsocial behaviour, length of treatment, reasons for interruption of treatment etc. On the basis of these, the results that might be possible with normal and compulsory treatment are discussed, and attention is drawn to the consideration that would make treatment and isolation desirable.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR; SOCIAL WELFARE; DEFAULT.
 

 
  CHAPTER II - HEALTH SERVICES  
 
a) Health Policy, Delivery of Health Services & Health Care
 
091
AU : Banerji D
TI : Tuberculosis programme as an integral component of the general health services.
SO : J INDIAN MED ASSOC 1970, 54, 36-37.
DT : Per
AB :

Sociological investigations have revealed that more than half of all infectious cases in rural areas seek relief at various health institutions and that as many as 95 percent of them are conscious of the symptoms of the disease. These findings lead to the formulation of a felt-need oriented TB programme as an integral part of the services that are offered at the rural health institutions. Specialised TB institutions at the higher levels lend support to them by offering referral facilities. For a population of a million and a half, there is a DTC to give them administrative support. Such an integrated programme is not only very economical, but it also grows along with the GHS. Its orientation to felt need makes it more acceptable. It also has a potential for covering some 95 percent of the infectious cases in the community, thus indicating that it can have an impact on the incidence rates of the disease.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL RELIEF; HEALTH SERVICES; SOCIAL WELFARE; HEALTH CARE; INDIA.

095
AU : Nagpaul DR
TI : A tuberculosis programme for big cities.
SO : INDIAN J TB 1975, 22, 96-103.
DT : Per
AB :

A City TB Programme (CTP) has been suggested that meets with most of the existing conditions in our big cities and is in accord with the principles underlying DTP and NTP.

KEYWORDS: HEALTH CARE; HEALTH SERVICES; SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA.
 

  b) Community Participation & Role of Voluntary Organizations  
 
121
TI : Voluntary organisations and tuberculosis control programmes: Editorial.
SO : INDIAN J TB, 1961, 9, 1-2.
DT : Per
AB :

At the International Congress on TB held in Sept. 1960, the place of voluntary organisations in the anti-TB campaign, in view of the changing pattern of social life in different countries, was discussed. Both newly independent countries and countries where TB was more or less controlled, emphasised the need for voluntary organisations everywhere to redouble their efforts against TB. Other key conclusions were that voluntary organisations should have wide representation drawn from different sections of the community including medical personnel to provide technical assistance, they should organise practical service programmes such as health education, case-finding, social services and rehabilitation, they must be independent of government control but work in very close co-operation with government agencies in planning and executing TB control programmes. It was opined that voluntary organisations can demonstrate the effectiveness of different types of programmes in many fields and these could be handed over to the government after a time, if necessary, and, that international conferences were a useful forum to help these organisations in formulating their plans and programmes.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL WELFARE; VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION; INDIA.

131
TI : A scheme for community programme: Editorial.
SO : INDIAN J TB, 1972, 19, 39-40.
DT : Per
AB :

The Advisory Committee of the IJTB suggested an operational research project, in association with voluntary organisations, on the working of the DTCP, similar to the Tumkur Project in India and the Jaffna and Kinta project of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Malaysia respectively. The project was to be conducted simultaneously in 4-5 districts in different parts of the country, under the joint sponsorship of the Central Association and the State/District branches. The project primarily envisaged having a number of voluntary workers to assist in the implementation of DTCP by motivating people to attend health facilities for diagnosis, by monitoring patient’s drug intake and checking drug default, by disseminating health education on preventive measures in TB, to improve people’s health consciousness and to encourage people to avail of existing TB services and facilities, by raising funds to subsidise the project and to provide financial assistance to patients, if necessary. A detailed discussion of the suggested set-up for the project and estimated cost is included.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL WELFARE; VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION; INDIA.
 

  d) Health Economics  
 
167
AU : Sen AS & Basu RN
TI : Economics of health-the cost of tuberculosis.
SO : INDIAN J TB 1972, 19, 144-158.
DT : Per
AB :

In a study of the cost of TB in India, a direct cost of Rs. 29.68 crores annually has been estimated. The morbidity and mortality losses have been quantified taking into account the urban and rural population separately. The data on mortality in rural areas is very meager and is not available according to age and sex. This, and the expected working life for premature mortality have been calculated by the application of statistical methods. The morbidity loss has been estimated at Rs. 288.4 crores and the mortality losses at Rs. 420.41 crores at 4 percent deduction and Rs. 304.96 crores at 10 percent deduction.

KEYWORDS: HEALTH ECONOMICS; SOCIAL COST; SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA.
 

 
     CHAPTER III - ILLNESS PERCEPTION & UTILIZATION OF HEALTH FACILITIES  
 
b) Health Centre Based
 
197
AU : Deshmukh MD
TI : Anti-tuberculosis shibirs (TB camps) where work becomes a pleasure.
SO : INDIAN J TB 1972, 19, 68-72.
DT : Per
AB :

Eighteen TB camps were conducted in Bombay between January 1969 and April 1971 to provide diagnosis and treatment facilities to rural areas. The total number of persons examined were 7,351, the number of persons screened 2,782, the number of radiological cases of pulmonary TB seen 562, the number of sputum positive, 152 and the number of BCG vaccinations done, 23,308. It was concluded that TB camps played a substantial role in the Anti-TB measures, especially, in rural areas and, other developing nations could organize such TB camps.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL WELFARE; SOCIAL RELIEF, INDIA.
 

 
     CHAPTER V - SOCIAL SERVICE & REHABILITATION  
 
 
273
AU : MC Dougall JB
TI : Rehabilitation of the tuberculous.
SO : Tuberculosis Workers Conference, 7th, Bombay, India, 23-25 Nov., 1949, p. 186-195.
DT : CP
AB :

Various schemes to rehabilitate TB patients operating in England such as the Village Settlement concept where ex-patients live in settlements surrounding the sanatorium from which they have graduated, pioneered by Sir Pendrill Varrier-Jones at Cambridge, and in other countries are presented to focus attention on certain fundamentals and to stress that the attack on TB must be multilateral. Few Village Settlements have been developed in the past 15 years, as they only catered to a small proportion of the total tuberculous population. For countries such as India, it is considered impractical to embark on such large and expensive rehabilitation schemes. Rather, rehabilitation should focus on serving at least the basic needs of the patients. An important flaw in rehabilitation is the failure to test the results of treatment. There is a need for medical supervision of the patient while under treatment to ascertain whether he can maintain his physical condition in spite of gradually increasing expenditure of energy in exercise of various forms. Occupations for rehabilitation patients should be based on their physical capacity. A common and widespread effort by the State, industry and voluntary organisations is needed to bring TB under control.

KEYWORDS: REHABILITATION; SOCIAL WELFARE; UK.

274
AU : Vasudeva Rao K
TI : Rehabilitation of tuberculosis ex-patients.
SO : Tuberculosis Workers Conference, 7th, Bombay, India, 23-25 Nov 1949, p. 196-204.
DT : CP
AB :

The problem of rehabilitation of TB patients is not confined to medicine alone. The co-operation of other fields, psychology, sociology and economics must combine with medicine to obtain tangible, positive results. Sir Pendrill Varrier-Jones’s idea to bring work to the patient has had a salutary effect and is now recognised as the main method of rehabilitation. The most vulnerable period during which relapses occur are the first two years after the TB patient’s discharge. Hence, all patients discharged from institutions should be looked after for a further period of 2-3 years while making the patients feel they are being trained in some occupation. Colonisation or establishment of settlements for ex-patients serves this purpose. The advantages of colonisation are presented. The two main factors to be considered in rehabilitation after discharge are: 1) General principles with regard to the patient (which focus on the need to address the psychological fear and needs of the patient) and, 2) General principles with regard to the industries (which highlight the need for industry to be built around a worker) and taking various steps to protect the well-being, both physical and emotional, of the ex-patients. Making the services of ex-patients available for outside jobs and using machinery to the fullest extent in industries would resolve some criticisms leveled at settlements.

KEYWORDS: REHABILITATION; SOCIAL WELFARE; SOCIAL COST; INDIA.

283
AU : Das K
TI : Problems of relief for poor Tuberculosis patients.
SO : Tuberculosis Workers Conference, 14th, Madras, India, 29-31 Jan 1958 p. 150-155.
DT : CP
AB :

The purpose of the paper was to analyse the problem of relief for poor TB patients who were getting treatment from the out-patient department of the NDTC. For the convenience of the study, the problems of relief in TB were categorised into 3 groups based on the stage at which they arose. The categories of patients and their families being helped were listed. The problems encountered by patients in the three categories are explained in detail, the relief measures provided are presented and suggestions are offered to alleviate the above problems.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA.

284
AU : Chakravarty B
TI : Problems of relief to poor tuberculous patients.
SO : Tuberculosis Workers Conference, 29th, Madras, India, 29-31 Jan 1958 p. 156-159.
DT : CP
AB :

The available facilities for relief of TB patients (at different stages in the course of the illness, at diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and follow-up) in West Bengal and the duties of the medical social worker are described.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL ASPECTS; SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA.

291
AU : Gallen CS
TI : Out-patient care in tuberculosis (non-medical aspects).
SO : BULL IUAT 1964, 34-35, 459-461.
DT : Per
AB :

The non-medical aspects of out-patient care of the TB patient over the years of the twentieth century to the present are described in this paper. The various Acts invoked over the years provided for such relief measures to TB patients as supplementing the family budget through redeemable food coupons, providing beds and bedding and grants to construct an additional room in the patient's home, establishing retraining schools and residential farms. Placement Officer's Office, where an officer assessed patients for their capabilities of work and placed them in suitable employment, was also organised.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL WELFARE; LEGISLATION; UK.

294
AU : Nagpaul H
TI : Social work as a profession in India: a sociological analysis.
SO : INDIAN J SOC WORK 1972, 32, 387-407.
DT : Per
AB :

The survey of the field of social work in India reveals that the prevailing level of social services and welfare services is extremely low. Both the Indian social work education and its professional organization are influenced by the American social philosophy which is inappropriate to the prevailing conditions in Indian society. The total absence of indigenous study material based on Indian culture and society further diminishes the applicability of the professional social work taught in the schools of social work. With the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization now, the need to develop social administration approach to social work has emerged. The professional social worker's responsibility in this overall context is suggested.

KEYWORDS: SOCIAL WELFARE; SOCIAL WORK; INDIA.
 
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